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51 |ANTHROPOLOGYand consequently, designated geological could, in truth, represent the edges of archaeological layers; the case of a single microartifact (smaller than two cm) that was located adjacent to a wooden log in layer II-6 level 14 is definitely an example. Theoretically, enlarging the extent of your excavation could have resulted in the discovery of finds in the layers presently designated fnins.2015.00094 geological. It's evident from the stone, bone, and plant finds that the GBY hominins operated beyond the locations in which stone artifacts and bones had been located. Sampling of geological layers (devoid of archaeological finds). Samples of 0.5? kg sediment were obtained from various layers that had been exposed inside the walls with the geological trenches. The samples had been placed in sealed nylon bags to help keep them wet. In the laboratory, the sediments were divided into 4 fractions (0.three?, 1?, 2?, and 4?0 mm) by wet sieving. Things larger than 1 cm have been separated by hand or with large tweezers, and these smaller sized than 0.3 mm had been lost by way of the decrease sieve. The botanical remains from each fraction have been separated and sorted by spreading the sediment on trays with water and picking them up individually with soft tweezers beneath a stereoscopic (binocular) microscope at a magnification of up to 25? Sampling of archaeological layers. The complete volume of sediment excavated in the archaeological horizons was wet-sieved in the course of fieldwork by a 2-mm sieve, and hence, the remains are restricted to items larger than two mm. The wetsieved sediments were then dried and bagged with their recorded details and transported to the Institute of Archaeology for additional evaluation. Sorting with the sieved sediments yielded rich and varied assemblages, for example fruits, seeds, grains, mammalian bones and teeth, fish bones, crab skeletons, and specks of charcoal. Quite a few from the seeds and fruits studied right here (4,199 of 25,835) have been retrieved by this procedure. The small-seeded species (e.g., Alisma lanceulatum, Chenopodium sp., and Lycopus europaeus) are underrepresented in these samples, simply because they were retrieved only when they have been stuck or buried in big (>2 mm) lumps of mud. Simply because the wetsieved sediments had been transported from the field with their recorded place, these seeds and fruits may be situated inside the sediment with a precision of 0.5 ?0.five ?0.five m. Photography. Seeds have been photographed to add a visual illustration, serve as a basis for future comparison of ancient Levantine flora, and rarely, receive greater self-assurance within the identifications. Unique emphasis was placed on seeds of exotic species. Photography was carried out fnins.2013.00251 using a scanning electron microscope (JEOL model JMS-840) of ten one hundred,000?magnification as well as a stereoscopic microscope (Olympus model SZX12) of up to 90?magnification. Seeds were cleaned by immersion in water get SCR7 utilizing paintbrushes and needles to prepare them for photography. Seeds prepared for SEM photography were pasted on a stab and coated with gold for ten?0 min (depending on their size, shape, and texture). Waterlogged seeds are tough to dry with out destruction of shape and hence, were fixed by substituting the water with organic materials (crucial point drying technique). SEM photography was performed in the Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University with the enable of Yakov Langsam. The microsco.